The roots of the Rwandan conflict are contested but intercommunity tensions were exacerbated by German and then Belgium colonial administration, when the minority Tutsi were granted elevated social status vis-à-vis the majority Hutus and a small population of Twa. In the years between independence in 1962 and the infamous genocide, control over the government was in the hands of the Hutu majority, which after the military coup by Habyarimana in 1973 became increasingly anti-Tutsi. In the early 1990s, the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) launched a series of attacks against the Hutu-dominated government from Uganda, which resulted in increasing militarisation among the Hutus and the formation of the Interahamwe militias (‘those who work together’ in Kinyarwandan). The tension climaxed in 1994, and in the ensuing genocide, where approximately one million Tutsi and Hutu moderates were killed (Armed Conflict Database). In response, the RPF launched another offensive and defeated the government, and subsequently took power. This prompted a mass movement of Hutu refugees across the border to the DRC, which increased tensions there. Although the RPF government initially nominated a Hutu president, the government is now led by head of the RPF, Paul Kagame. Despite sporadic violence, the government has attempted to promote reconciliation between ethnic groups through a series of initiatives, including the community-based Gacaca Trials and the banning of ethnic identifications. Instead of being Hutu, Tutsi or Twa, all citizens must recognise a shared, Rwandese identity.